Past Perfect

Form: had + past participle
S+had+vpp ……, S V…… .

Definition: The past perfect is used to show you which of two events happened first. Imagine that two things happened in the past:

E.g.
1.When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.
2.I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
3.I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
4.Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
5.Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
6.She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
7.Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.
8.We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.
9. I had already done the shopping by the time she came home.
10. I was late for work, by the time I arrived the client had already left.
11. When I reached the station, the train had already started.
12. When I had finished my homework, I watched television.
13.I had finished my homework when I watched television.
14. She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
15. She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska.
16. We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
17.By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
18.They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.
19.When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.
20.Karen didn’t want to go to the cinema with us because she’d already seen the film.
21.I had written twenty letters of application before I received the first reply.
22.At first I thought I’d done the right thing, but I soon realized that I’d made a big mistake.
23.He had never flown before.
24. You had studied English before you moved to New York.
25. Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
26. By the time I watched my favorite program, I had drunk a cup of beer.
27.I had arrived before the manager returned.
28.She had finished by the time the interview started.
29.They had left when the exam finished.
30.I had dreamed about winning when I entered the competition.

Exercise:
I can't believe I (get) that apartment. I (submit) my application last week, but I didn't think I had a chance of actually getting it. When I (show) up to take a look around, there were at least twenty other people who (arrive) before me. Most of them (fill, already) out their applications and were already leaving. The landlord said I could still apply, so I did.

I (try) to fill out the form, but I couldn't answer half of the questions. They (want) me to include references, but I didn't want to list my previous landlord because I (have) some problems with him in the past and I knew he wouldn't recommend me. I (end) up listing my father as a reference.

Conditional

Form: If-clause and would+ a bare infinitive
If subject + present tense
Subject + present tense
Subject + future tense
Subject + modal + base form

Definition: Conditional sentences are often used in written and spoken academic communication. You will find that they are particularly important in assignments that require you to analyze problems and their solutions. Conditional clauses usually begin with if or unless. The main clause often contains a modal.

E.g.
1. If the Bulls win the game tomorrow, they will be champs again.
2. If the sun shines all day, it gets hot.
3. If they were available anywhere, I would pay any price for them.
4. If he were a good friend, he would buy them for me.
5. If you revise thoroughly, you will pass the examination.
6. If the government increased the basic rate of income tax to 50%, the public would be outraged.
7. If my brother were my boss, I wouldn't have a job today.
8. If I were to lose my job, I wouldn't be able to pay my bills.
9. If I were eight feet tall, I'd be one heck of a basketball player.
10. If I boxed against Evander Holyfield, he would kill me.
11. If you come closer, you'll be able to see the parade.
12. If you come here, I'll give you a kiss.
13. If he had his hat on, he would look older.
14. If we had checked the equipment carefully, I’m sure the experiment would have been successful.
15. If I hadn't taken my keys from the drawer, I would be able to get into my house.
16. If you studied in this school, you would find the schoolwork difficult too.
17. I would go to the library if I had nowhere to study at home.
18. I’d ask her for help if I were you.
19. If he were older, he would take on the job.
20. If I found a wallet in the street, I’d take it to the police station.
21. If you took more exercise, you would feel better.
22. If they offered me the job, I think I would take it.
23. If I sold my car, I wouldn’t get much money for it.
24. I’m sure Sue would understand if you explained the situation to her.
25. A lot of people would be out of work if the car factory closed down.
26. If we told them the truth, we wouldn’t believe us.
27. If I went to bed now, I wouldn’t sleep.
28. If we stayed at a hotel, we’d cost too much.
29. Would Steve mind if I borrowed his bike without asking him?
30. They would be offended if I didn’t go to their party.
Exercise:
1) Mr. Wong says that he ________________ to work in the factory even if he won the Mark 6 lottery. (would continue)
2) I am sure that I _______________ the examination if I prepare well in the next few weeks. (will pass)
3) If David _______________ his final-year projects more carefully, he would have obtained a higher grade. (had revised)

Reported Speech
Form: He said that… He told me…
Definition: Many times in English we want to tell someone what someone has said. Saying exactly what someone has said is called quoted speech. To report what people said in the past, the present prefect and the past perfect.
E.g.
1. Rosa said, "I am happy."
Rosa said that she was happy
2. Sheila said, "Thao is studying."
Sheila said that Thao was studying.
3. Vin said, "Harold has left already."
Vin said that Harold had left already.
4. Patricia said, "I will have been living in Long Beach for five years by the year 2005."
Patricia said that she would have been living in Long Beach for five years by the year 2005.
5. Pam said, "I am going to go to the store later."
Pam said that she was going to go to the store later.
6. Cindy said, "The students had problems with the computers."
Cindy said that the students had had problems with the computers.
7. Cindy said, "The students saw a movie."
Cindy said that the students had seen a movie.
8. Betty said, "I was watching television."
Betty said that she had been watching television.
9. Narin said, "I had already eaten."
Narin said that she had already eaten.
10. Sophanara said, "I have been cooking."
Sophanara said that she had been cooking.
11. Rose said, "I can work on Saturday."
Rose said that she could work on Saturday.
12. Sina said, "I may buy a new car."
Sina said that she might buy a new car.
13. Dennis said, "I might teach ESL 844 next semester."
Dennis said that he might teach ESL 844 next semester.
14. Teresa said, "You must do your homework."
Teresa told us that we had to do our homework
15. David said, "You have to be ready for class."
David told us that we had to be ready for class.
16. Jan said, "You have got to study to pass the final."
Jan told us that we had to study to pass the final.
17. Cindy said, "You should go see this movie."
Cindy said that we should go see this movie.
18. His father said, "Go to your room."
His father told him to go to his room.
19. Harold asked, "Would you like to take a break."
Harold asked if we would like to take a break.
20. Loretta asked Tooran, "How long have you lived in the United States?"
Loretta asked Tooran how long she had lived in the United States.
21. Dora asked Anh, "Where do you live?"
Dora asked Anh where she lived.
22. Syva asked Sophanara, "When does the next semester start?"
Syva asked Sophanara when the next semester started.
23. Malinda asked Shaoxia, "Why did you come to the United States?"
Malinda asked Shaoxia why she had come to the United States.
24. Narin asked Emily, "What time is it?"
Narin asked Emily what time it was.
25. Patricia asked Sunshine, "Who is going to teach ESL 146?"
Patricia asked Sunshine who was going to teach ESL 146.
26. Emily said, "I will be visiting my family in Cambodia."
Emily said that she would be visiting her family in Cambodia.
27. Dave asked, "Where did you go last weekend?" BECOMES Dave asked me where I had gone the previous weekend.
28. He asked, "Why are you studying English?" BECOMES She asked me why I was studying English.
29. Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show yesterday." BECOMES Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show the day before.
30. Sunshine said, "I will have lived in Long Beach for ten years by the year 2010."
Sunshine said that she would have lived in Long Beach for ten years by the year 2010.
Exercise:
1. Steve said, "I want to go to South Africa."

2. Allen said, "I'd like to come visit."
3.Ken asked, "What are you going to do tonight?"